The European Lung Foundation (ELF)Founded by ERS in 2000, ELF brings together patients and the public with respiratory professionals to positively influence lung health.Visit the ELF site
ERS Lung Science ConferenceJoin us for this year’s virtual event (11–12 March). The theme is ‘Repair and regeneration in chronic lung disease and lung cancer’.Find out more/register
Sleep and Breathing 2021Taking place in April, this is the largest pan-European meeting of its kind and offers an integrated approach to the investigation and treatment of sleep disorders.Find out more/register
Registration for the upcoming Sleep and Breathing conference is now open. Taking place on 16–17 April, this virtual event is a platform for the latest in sleep respiratory medicine and science.
Utility of ABG, capillary blood gas and venous blood gas
Diagnosis of A-B disorders: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and pH
A-B disorders: importance of the D(A-a) difference, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), the alveolar gas equation and measuring oxygen shunts
Usage of questionnaires: Epworth sleepiness scale, STOP-BANG score, Berlin questionnaire and SF-36
Identification of high-risk patients, e.g. those with severe sleepiness, unstable cardiac disease, nocturnal arrhythmia or baseline hypoxaemia or those who drive or have another occupational risk
Methodology of different sleep tests (oximetry, respiratory polygraphy and full polysomnography (PSG))
Limitations of overnight oximetry, respiratory polygraphy, PSG, and home versus hospital-based sleep studies
Appreciation of which patients to refer for PSG, e.g. those with an unclear diagnosis on respiratory polygraphy, a poor treatment response or a suspected non-respiratory sleep disorder such as narcolepsy or restless leg syndrome
Identification of cases that require further specialised examinations, e.g. ear-nose-throat (ENT) review of the upper airway
Review of cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic disorders often associated with OSA
High cardio-metabolic risks associated with untreated OSA
Value of making lifestyle improvements including weight loss, adherence to drug treatment for hypertension or diabetes, smoking cessation and alcohol reduction
Classification of the aetiology of CSA: idiopathic, heart failure-related and induced by a cerebrovascular cause (e.g. a cerebrovascular accident, opioid or other drug use and high altitude)
Differential symptoms and signs of OSA and CSA
Pathophysiology of different types of CSA
Recognition of which patients to refer for sleep studies
Types of positive pressure ventilation and different modes, e.g. bi-level positive airway pressure, volume ventilation, assured volume ventilation (average volume assured pressure support and intelligent volume assured pressure support) and other NIV modes
Principles of therapy titration with sleep studies and ABG measurement
Concepts of compliance and adherence
Assessment of compliance and reasons for poor and good compliance
Indications for tracheostomy ventilation and which patients to refer for this
Potential role of NIV in palliative care and the importance of palliative therapy
Prevalence of OSAHS in patients with endocrine disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism and acromegaly) and metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome)
Impact of OSAHS treatment on underlying endocrine/metabolic disorders
Principles of the tests for assessing excessive daytime somnolence in patients with respiratory and non-respiratory sleep conditions, their advantages, their imitations and which patients to refer for these, including:
Sleep questionnaires
Sleep diary
Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)
Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) OSLER wake test
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